Asean

Did you know Aseaners? The term "South-East Asia" was first used in connection with the present region by American priest and educator Howard Malcom in 1837, the region presently referred to as Southeast Asia was split between India and the Far East by anglophone scholars prior to the Second World War and de-emphasized as an area of study due to the presence of national interests in the region. Initial inquiries into the culture and traditions of South-East Asia were primarily conducted by German and Austrian scholars who had greater access to the region because their home countries had no colonies in the region. The strategic importance of numerous locales in South-East Asia such as the Dutch East Indies, Malaya and the Philippines during the Second World War attracted increased attention from the West. This new found attention led to the establishment of Mountbatten's South-East Asia Commant(SEAC) in 1943, and the publication of the first map of Southeast Asia by the National Geographic society in 1944.

Constitution

Some Breath Of The Past The Malaysian Constitution ​1). When the MacMichael Treaties or agreements were signed, the states of Malaysia became a colony of the British. The Malayan Union would be ruled entirely by the British. The Malays could no longer claim owner-ship of the States. There no longer was a Tanah Melayu or 'Malay Land'. 2). As one, the Malays rose in protest. Such was their 'Unity' that the British had to back-down and abrogated all the MacMichael Treaties. The British agreed to replace the Malayan Union with the Federation of Malaya. Officially the accepted name was the 'Persekutuan Tanah Melayu'. It reverted to being a protectorate by treaty. 3). The Government of the Federation of Malaya was led by the High Commissioner as the Chief Executive, presiding over the Executive Council and the Legislative Council. All members were nominated by the High Commissioner. 4). In 1955 the British decided to hold partial election for 52 of the 98 seats of the Federal Legislative Council. 5). The British believed that no single party could win more than 49 seats to claim a right to form a majority Government. 6). But, in the event the Alliance of UMNO(United Malays National Organization), MCA(Malaysia Chinese Association) and MIC(Malaysia Indians Co-operation) won 51 of the 52 seats and was able to claim the right to form a home-rule Government. 7). Immediately, there was a clamour among the people and the parties in the Government for Independence. 8). Negotiations were held in London and eventually it was agreed that Malaya would become independent in 1957. 9). In preparation for this, the Reid Commission was tasked with drawing up the independent Federal Constitution. 10). It was agreed that Malaya would be a democracy where the people would choose the Government. The rulers would be constitutional heads without executive power. Their position would be guaranteed by the Constitution which would be the supreme law of the country. 11). The party winning the election would name the Prime Minister or the Chief Minister and the constitutional head would endorse. 12). Should the constitutional monarch refuse to endorse and proposes his own candidate and endorses him, the winning party can reject him in the assembly through a vote of non-confidence. 13). The constitutions of Johore and Terengganu States which were promulgated earlier were nullified by the new constitution which was accepted by all the states of Malaysia. Accordingly on the 9th of May, 2018 the peoples of Malaysia went to the polls to elect the Governments of the Federation Malaysia and the Governments of the States. 14). It is important that everyone concerned respects the constitution and abide by it. Failure to do so would negate the rule of law. ~ Ricky ~

Today In History : Malaya Then

Some Breath Of The Past The Malaysian Constitution ​1). When the MacMichael Treaties or agreements were signed, the states of Malaysia became a colony of the British. The Malayan Union would be ruled entirely by the British. The Malays could no longer claim owner-ship of the States. There no longer was a Tanah Melayu or 'Malay Land'. 2). As one, the Malays rose in protest. Such was their 'Unity' that the British had to back-down and abrogated all the MacMichael Treaties. The British agreed to replace the Malayan Union with the Federation of Malaya. Officially the accepted name was the 'Persekutuan Tanah Melayu'. It reverted to being a protectorate by treaty. 3). The Government of the Federation of Malaya was led by the High Commissioner as the Chief Executive, presiding over the Executive Council and the Legislative Council. All members were nominated by the High Commissioner. 4). In 1955 the British decided to hold partial election for 52 of the 98 seats of the Federal Legislative Council. 5). The British believed that no single party could win more than 49 seats to claim a right to form a majority Government. 6). But, in the event the Alliance of UMNO(United Malays National Organization), MCA(Malaysia Chinese Association) and MIC(Malaysia Indians Co-operation) won 51 of the 52 seats and was able to claim the right to form a home-rule Government. 7). Immediately, there was a clamour among the people and the parties in the Government for Independence. 8). Negotiations were held in London and eventually it was agreed that Malaya would become independent in 1957. 9). In preparation for this, the Reid Commission was tasked with drawing up the independent Federal Constitution. 10). It was agreed that Malaya would be a democracy where the people would choose the Government. The rulers would be constitutional heads without executive power. Their position would be guaranteed by the Constitution which would be the supreme law of the country. 11). The party winning the election would name the Prime Minister or the Chief Minister and the constitutional head would endorse. 12). Should the constitutional monarch refuse to endorse and proposes his own candidate and endorses him, the winning party can reject him in the assembly through a vote of non-confidence. 13). The constitutions of Johore and Terengganu States which were promulgated earlier were nullified by the new constitution which was accepted by all the states of Malaysia. Accordingly on the 9th of May, 2018 the peoples of Malaysia went to the polls to elect the Governments of the Federation Malaysia and the Governments of the States. 14). It is important that everyone concerned respects the constitution and abide by it. Failure to do so would negate the rule of law. ~ Ricky ~

Women And Society

According to current statistics of United Nations Women Organization. Asian Women are the highest Work-Force list. Asian Women has broken all vows, bows and code as Entrepreneurs, Small Business Woman, Maids, Administrator, Government Officers, Politicians and many many more. 1). Women knew it's complicated to rely on Men or others. 2). Further on, the 'Sky-Rocket Inflation' causes lots of set backs in daily expenditures. My research : 1). Men force is slower. I analyze one thing and that is Educated individual get lesser chance in obtaining a professional job and get low wages. 2). On the other hand, Man is less serious in their endeavor. More tends to black market business to earn "Fast Money" and yearn to be 'Rich Star'. I predict : In future, Women will be doing "Space-strucking." ~ Ricky ~

Māgadhī Prakrit

1). The exact Spoken cum Written Language used dated back during the Buddha's time was Māgadhī or Māgadhān Prakrit Language. It was used by Commoners in the society or i put it widely used. Then the Buddha taught people his Teachings by using Prakrit Language. Sanskrit or Sanskritam was only allowed to be used by Royal Family, Politicians, High-Ranking Authorities, Hindu Priests at Temples and Schools. 2). Do we know or have a good idea what Language the historical Buddha(Siddhārtha Gautama) spoken. I've just assumed it is Pāli but a moment's thought tells me this is probably wrong since the Pāli canon was written hundreds of years after the Buddha death. If we know what Language the Buddha had spoken, do we know if this language had a wide geographical area and if it is likely that he would have preached in this language or would he have used one more associated with religious practice. 3). Which is older ?? Prakrit or Sanskrit ?? Conclusions : Sanskrit is older than Prakrit Language. However, both are Indo-Aryan languages that co-existed for several centuries. Sanskrit is not the refinement of Prakrit Language as mistakenly believed by some. It is the refined and codified version of Archaic Vedic language. 4). Māgadhī Prakrit was a vernacular Middle Indo-Aryan Language, replacing earlier Vedic Sanskrit in parts of the Indian subcontinents. It was spoken in present day Assam, Odisha, Bengal, Bihar, Eastern Uttar Pradesh and used in some dramas to represent vernacular dialogue in Prakrit dramas. 5). Modern scholar Bhikkhu Bodhi, summarizing the current state of scholarship, states that the language is "Closely related to the language or more likely, the various regional dialects that the Buddha himself spoke." He goes on to write : Scholars regard this language as a hybrid showing features of several Prakrit dialects used around the third century BCE, subjected to a partial process of Sanskritization. While the language is not identical to what Buddha himself would have spoken, it belongs to the same broad language family as those he might have used and originates from the same conceptual matrix. This language thus reflects the thought-world that the Buddha inherited from the wider Indian culture into which he was born, so that its words capture the subtle nuances of that thought-world. ~ Bhikkhu Bodhi ~ 6). According to A. K. Warder, the Pāli language is a Prakrit language used in a region of Western India. Warder associates Pāli with the Indian realm(Janapada) of Avanti, where the Sthavira Nikāya was centered. Following the initial split in the Buddhist community, the Sthavira Nikāya became influential in Western and South India while the Mahāsāṃghika branch became influential in Central and East India. Akira Hirakawa and Paul Groner also associate Pāli with Western India and the Sthavira Nikāya, citing the Saurashtran inscriptions, which are linguistically closest to the Pali language. 7). Pāli Today Pāli died out as a literary language in mainland India in the fourteenth century but survived elsewhere until the eighteenth. Today Pāli is studied mainly to gain access to Buddhist scriptures and is frequently chanted in a ritual context. The secular literature of Pāli historical chronicles, medical texts and inscriptions is also of great historical importance. The great centers of Pāli learning remain in the Theravada nations of Southeast Asia : Burma, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia. Since the 19th century, various societies for the revival of Pāli studies in India have promoted awareness of the language and its literature, including the Maha Bodhi Society founded by Anagarika Dhammapala. 8). In Europe, the Pāli Text Society has been a major force in promoting the study of Pāli by Western scholars since its founding in 1881. Based in the United Kingdom, the society publishes romanized Pāli editions, along with many English translations of these sources. In 1869, the first Pāli Dictionary was published using the research of Robert Caesar Childers, one of the founding members of the Pāli Text Society. It was the first Pāli translated text in English and was published in 1872. Childers' dictionary later received the Volney Prize in 1876. 9). The Pāli Text Society was founded in part to compensate for the very low level of funds allocated to Indology in late 19th century England and the rest of the UK ; incongruously, the citizens of the UK were not nearly so robust in Sanskrit and Prakrit language studies as Germany, Russia, and even Denmark. Even without the inspiration of colonial holdings such as the former British occupation of Sri Lanka and Burma, institutions such as the Danish Royal Library have built up major collections of Pāli manuscripts, and major traditions of Pāli studies. 10). Rulers Two notable rulers of Magadha were Bimbisara(also known as Shrenika) and his son Ajatashatru(also known as Kunika), who are mentioned in Buddhist and Jain literature as contemporaries of the Buddha and Mahavira. Later, the throne of Magadha was usurped by Mahapadma Nanda, the founder of the Nanda Dynasty(c. 345–321 BCE), which conquered much of north India. The Nanda Dynasty was overthrown by Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Maurya Empire (321–180 BCE). There is much uncertainty about the succession of kings and the precise chronology of Magadha prior to Mahapadma Nanda ; the accounts of various ancient texts(all of which were written many centuries later than the era in question) contradict each other on many points. Furthermore, there is a Long Chronology and a contrasting Short Chronology preferred by some scholars, an issue that is inextricably linked to the uncertain chronology of the Buddha and Mahavira. *Today Pāli phrase is Romanized(Roman) in Buddhist texts. The original alphabets may still existing in some States of India.

Pāli & Sanskrit

Difference Between Sanskrit And Pāli Sanskrit vs. Pāli Sanskrit is a classical language which flourished in India thousands of years ago but has lost its glory in modern times. Pāli is also an ancient Language that has been widely used in the Buddhist scriptures. The Sanskrit Language is much older than Pāli. Sanskrit had been a Language that was in vogue from the Vedic period. Sanskrit had a great influence on religion and literature. Sanskrit was part of the cultural tradition. Sanskrit, which is considered an Indo-Aryan language, was the liturgical Language of Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism. Pāli is considered a Prakrit Language or a middle Indo-Aryan Language. Though the Pāli and Sanskrit Language are known to be closely related, Pāli is not considered to be a descendant of the Sanskrit language. The Pāli Language is considered to be a composite Language having several dialects and most likely is based on the language that Buddha taught in which is generally considered to be a Māgadhī dialect. However, the scholars are divided on the origin of the Language. When comparing the two Languages, Pāli is considered to be simple. Both the Sanskrit and Pāli Languages have basically the same vocabulary. The grammar is also considered to be similar, but Pāli has a simplified grammar. In the case of vowels and diphthongs, the Sanskrit "ava" and "aya" is reduced in Pali to "o" and "e." For example Sanskrit "dhārayati" is written as "dhāreti" in Pāli and Sanskrit "avatāra" is written as "otāra." The Sanskrit "avi" is reduced to "e" in the Pāli Language. For example, "sthavira" in Sanskrit is written as "thera" in the Pali language. Summary : 1). The Sanskrit Language is much older than Pāli. 2). Sanskrit is a classical Language which flourished in India thousands of years ago but has lost its glory in modern times. 3). Pāli is also an ancient Language that has been widely used in the Buddhist scriptures. 4). When comparing the two Languages, Pāli is considered to be simple. 5). Sanskrit, which is considered an Indo-Aryan Language, was the liturgical Language of Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism. 6). Pāli is considered a Prakrit Language or a Middle Indo-Aryan Language. 7). Both the Sanskrit and Pāli languages have basically the same vocabulary. The grammar is also considered to be similar, but Pāli has a simplified grammar. 8). Sanskrit had been a Language that was in vogue from the Vedic period. It had a great influence on religion and literature and also was part of the cultural tradition. This is totally wrong, if you have common sense Pāli must be the oldest language. Reason is, it is very clear all written Languages come after a dialectical Language. The reason you can't find the age of Pāli Language is just because it was not written in any old books. If you compare the two Languages, you can clearly see all Pāli words are in Sanskrit Language. Sanskrit was developed from Pāli for the rich people to enjoy the literature. It's very clearly in Buddha's teaching when some monks ask to write down Buddha's teaching in Sanskrit he told them not to do, because it will destroy the content, simply because Sanskrit is an extracted Language and doesn't have the basic qualities of a proper understandable Language. The words in Pāli have a very special quality that is the sound it self explain the quality of what it refer. This is exactly same as the normal English and the English of people like William Shakespeare, they just shapes the Language by destroying the simple but valuable qualities. ~ Ricky ~

The Scientists

They say drink 4 cups of milk you be able to move a wall. But i drank 4 cups of beer the wall moved themselves. So the Scientists are 'Bloody Liars'. ~ Ricky ~